Alm, A.L., and Messner, H.M.,1984,Policy and program requirements to implement the mandatory quality assurance program,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA Order 5360.1, 9 p.

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Aronson,G.L., Watson, D.S., and Pisano, W.C., 1983, Evaluation of Catchbasin Performance for Urban Stormwater Pollution Control. EPA Technical Report 600-14.

This report summarizes the results of a field oriented data collection effort aimed at evaluating the performance and utility of catchbasins from a pollution control standpoint. The project was functionally divided into three phases, with the first being field data collection efforts, the second included the testing of and inlet strainer, and the last was relegated to data reduction and analysis.

In the first phase of field work, three catchbasins in the West Roxbury section of Boston were selected from a candidate list of over 40 sites throughout the city. The catchbasins chosen illustrated a diversity of land use and traffic situations as well as design type. Each catchbasin was then cleaned using traditional methods. Subsequent to cleaning four runoff events were monitored at each catchbasin to evaluate performance. Monitoring included: influent, effluent, sump liquid and sump sediment. Catchbasin pollutant removals were found to vary widely, from a minus ten percent (discharging prior sump accumulations) to a positive 90 percent, dependent on rainfall intensity and duration. On the whole, catchbasins were shown to be quite effective for solids reduction, in the order of 60-97 percent. Catchbasin removals of associated pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were also significant, on the order of 10-56 percent and 54-88 percent respectively.

The second phase of the work involved the addition of an inlet strainer to each of the catchbasins as accomplished in European practice. The inlet strainers were comprised of a number 8 mesh (0.0937 in/2.366 mm) brass screen, permanently mounted on an aluminum backing plate. Runoff for an additional three events was monitored at each site during this phase of work. Inlet strainers were found to provide a marginal increase in pollutant removal (up to ten percent), in addition to that generated by the catchbasin. One interesting phenomenon was observed, in that significant accumulations of dirt, leaves, grit and paper were collected during dry weather periods between storms.

This work was submitted in partial fulfillment of Grant No. R-804578 by Northeastern University, under joint sponsorship of the U.S. EPA and the Division of Water Pollution Controll, Comonwealth of Massachusetts. this report covers the period July 1978 to April 1980 and work was completed April 1980.

Athayde, D.N., Shelly, P.E., Driscoll, E.D., Gaboury, D., and Boyd, G., 1983,Results of the nationwide urban runoff program - volume I - final report,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 186 p.

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Athayde, D.N., Shelly, P.E., Driscoll, E.D., Gaboury, D., and Boyd, G., 1983,Results of the nationwide urban runoff program -executive summary,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 24 p.

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Barnwell, T.O., and Huber, W.C.,1986,Proceeding of stormwater and water quality model users group meeting,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/9-86-023, 344 p.

This proceedings includes 22 papers on topics related to the development and application of com-puter-based mathematical models for water-quality and quantity management. The papers were presented at the semi-annual meeting of the Joint U.S. Canadian Stormwater and Water-Quality Model Users Group held on March 24-25, 1986, in Orlando, Florida. Several papers deal with using stormwater and water-quality models on microcomputers and interfacing microcomputer software such as spread sheets and that has managers with these models. Specific programs discussed include the Storm Water Management Model, DARBRO, HSPF, a simplified water-quality program, HAZPRED, QUAL-TX, and OTTSWMM. Other papers discuss statistical properties of point and nonpoint pollutant sources, particularly highway runoff and the effectiveness of detention/retention basins for mitigating pollution. Two papers discuss trophic state models in lakes and reservoirs.

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Bissonnette, P.,1986,Non-point pollution - it's urban, too,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 6-7.

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Brown, R.G.,1987,The effect of subwatershed basin characteristics on downstream differences in storm-runoff quality and quantity,: In James, W., and Barnwell, T.O., Jr., (eds.), Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting, March 23-24, 1987, Denver, Colorado, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/9-87/016, p. 110-118.

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Buskirk, E.D., Jr.,1995,Nonpoint source pollution: agriculture, forestry and mining, in working for clean water - an information program for advisory groups,: Citizen Handbook, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, chap. 17, p. 241-255.

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Carlile, B.L.,1985,Perspectives on septic tanks as nonpoint source pollution,: In Perspectives on non-point pollution-Proceedings of a National Conference, held in Kansas City, MO, May 19-22, Environmental Protection Agency EPA-440/5-85-001, p. 304-305.

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Carr, D.J., Geinopolos, A., and Zanoni, A.E.,,1983,Characteristics and treatability of urban runoff residuals: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/S2-82-094, 5 p.

This study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of urban stormwater runoff residuals as well as their handling and disposal techniques. Residuals were obtained from a field-assembled sedimentation basin in Racine, Wisconsin; from swirl and helical bend solids separators in Boston, Massachusetts; and from an in-line upsized storm conduit in Lansing, Michigan. The drainage basins at each site were primarily residential land use areas. The characterization study included analyses for nine metals, eight pesticides and PCB's solids, nutrients, and organics. The treatability study was based on bench scale sedimentation, centrifugation, lime stabilization, and capillary suction time tests.

The total solids concentration of the residual samples from Racine ranged from 233 to 793 mg/L. Total solids in the Boston sample ranged from 344 to 1.140 mg/L, and the residuals from Lansing had a solids concentration of 161,000 mg/L. Individual nutrients (P, TKN, NH3, NO2, and NO3) in the Boston and Racine samples never exceeded 5 mg/L, while the concentrations in the Lansing sample varied betweren 0,3 and 2,250 mg/L Analyses for metals showed iron to be present in the highest concentration in all the samples (6.1 to 2,790 mg/L, with lead and zinc ranking second and third, respectively. PCB's ranged in measurable concentrations from 0.19 to 24.6 mg/L. Of the eight pesticide surveyed, only three (DDT, DDD, and Dieldrin) were observed in measurable concentrations. The pesticides were primarily soluble, whereas the PCB's were more related to the suspended solids.

Based on the results of this study, the most cost-effective treatment for handling and disposal of urban stormwater runoff residuals is gravity thickening followed by lime stabilitization and land-spreading, or direct landfilling. Total annual cost estimates for landfilling and landspreading of residuals generated from a hypothetical 50 hectare site ranged from $360 to $470 per hectare.

This Project Summary was developed by EPA's Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of the research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title.

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Chan, E., Bursztynsky, T.A., Hantzsche, N., and Litwin, Y., 1981, The Use of Wetlands for Water Pollution Control, EPA Tech. Rpt. 600-14

Wetlands such as marshes, swamps and artificial wetlands have been shown to remove selected pollutants ftom urban stormwater runoff and treated municipal wastewaters. Wetlands have produced reduction in BOD, pathogens and some hydrocarbons and excel in nitrogen removal. They have also been repoted to act as sinks for trace metals, phosphorus and suspended solids. Physical pollutant removal mechamisms in wetlands include sedimentation, coagulation, chemical filtration, volatilization, adsorption, leaves, filtration and chemical transformations in the plants, Chemical transformations of some water borne pollutants also occur in sediment and the water column as a result of anaerobic or aerobic conditions, the presence of catalysts and reactive substances, and with the aid of microbial action. Although individual plant species have been studied for their pollutant removal properties, the interaction of numerous plant and animal species in pollutant removal in a wetland is not well understood.

Chang, J.Y., and Guo, J.C.Y.,1989,Hydrologic data automation using Autocad,: In Gau, J.C.Y, Urbonas, B.R., and Barnwell, T.O., Jr., (eds.), Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting, October 3-4, Denver, CO., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/9-89/001, p. 142-148.

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Coffey, D.S., Papp, M.L., Bartz, J.K., Van Remortel, R.C., Lee, J.J., Lammers, D.A., Johnson, M.G., and Holdren, G.R.,1987,Direct/delayed response project: field operations and quality assurance report for soil sampling and preparation in the northeastern United States, volume 1. sampling,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/4-87/030a, 146 p.

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Davis, J.A., Fuller, C.C., Coston, J.A., Hess, K.M., and Dixon, E.,1993,Spatial heterogeneity of geochemical and hydrologic parameters affecting metal transport in ground water,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/S-93-006, 22 p.

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DeWalle, F.B., Kalman, D.E., Norman, D., Sung, J., And Plews, G., 1985, Determination of Toxic Chemicals in Effluent from Househols Septic Tanks. EPA Tech. Rpt., Seattle, WA.

The report study evaluated the presence of volatile organics if raw domestic sewage generated in a subdivision and treated by a large 5-year-old community septic tank that had recently been cleaned by having the solids removed by pumping just prior to this study. Analysis showed the presence of priority pollutants in the raw sewage. Essentially no removal of these compounds occurr d during the 2-day detention in the septic tank. The priority pollutant generally showed higher levels during the weekend, probably reflecting leisure activities and use of related chemicals (paint thinners, grease removers, toilet bowl cleaners, etc.) than during the week days. most of the other volatile compounds were hydrocarbons, and their removal by the septic tank generally decreased with increasing molecular weight. Several organic sulfur compounds showed substantial increase as a result of anaerobic degradation processes in the septic tank.

Driscoll, E.D.,1986, Lognormality of point and non-point source pollutant concentrations: Proceedings of stormwater and water quality model users group meeting,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/9-86-023.

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Driscoll, E.D., DiToro, D., Gaboury, D., and Shelley, P.,1986,Methodology for analysis of detention basins for control of urban runoff quality,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report EPA 440/5-87/001, 64 p.

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Driscoll, E.D., Palhegyi, G.E., Strecker, E.W., and Shelley, P.E.,1989,Analysis of storm events characteristics for selected rainfall gauges throughout the United States,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 43 p.

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Durrans, S.R.,1988,Frequency analysis of trace level water quality data with a time varying censoring level,: In Gau, J.C.Y, Urbonas, B.R., and Barnwell, T.O., Jr., (eds.), Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting, October 3-4, Denver, CO., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/9-89/001, p. 92-101.

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Field, R.,1995,Bibliography of storm and combined sewer pollution control r&d program documents,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/9-90/032-REV, 29 p.

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Goforth, G.F., Diniz, E.V., and Rauhut, J.B.,1984,Stormwater hydrological characteristics of porous and conventional paving systems,: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA/600/2-83/106, 287 p.

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Griffin, R., Jr.,1991,Introducing NPS water pollution,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Journal, v. 17 no. 5, p. 6-9.

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Group, U.S.E.P.A.D.R.W.,1988,(draft), Laboratory data validation functional guidelines evaluating inorganic analyses,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazadous Site Evaluation Division, 19 p.

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Gunnell, R.D.,1985,Continuous salinity station monitoring in the Colorado river basin by the Utah Bureau of water pollution control, in perspectives on non-point pollution,: Proceedings of a national conference, held in Kansas City, MO, May 19-22, Environmental Protection Agency EPA-440/5-85-001, p. 356-358.

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Harmeson, R.H., and Barcelona, M.J., Sampling Frequency of Water Quality Monitering. EPA Tech. Rpt. Las Vegas, NV.

The results of a comprehensive study of the effecst of sampling frequency on observations of trends in water quality parameters are reported for a nine station network in Illinois. The study period covered two discontinuous period from October 1976-October 1977 and June 1978-June 1979. Based on an acceptable deviation of ten percent from the annual daily mean values, optimum sampling frequencies were found to vary from monthly to more often than daily. The average percent deviation due to monthly sampling was found to be acceptable for the following water quality parameter--sodium, chloride, alkalinity, hardness and total dissolved solids. More frequent sampling senns to be indicated for nitrate, ammonium. dissolved and total phosphorus. The remaining perameters, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and turbidity, demand more frequent sampling than on a monthly basis to ensure acceptable deviations from long termmeans. The study was executed during apparently normal conditions of precipitation in Illinois and with careful analytical quality control. Therefore, observed deviations arose due principally to sampling frequency effects in water quality monitoring.

Harms, L.L.,1985,Using in-stream monitoring stations to evaluate pollution from urban runoff,: In Perspectives on non-point pollution-Proceedings of a National Conference, held in Kansas City, MO, May 19-22, Environmental Protection Agency EPA-440/5-85-001, p. 502-505.

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Heaney, J.P., Huber, W.C., and Lehman, M.E.,1981,Project summary--nationwide assessment of receiving water impacts from urban stormwater pollution volume I - summary,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report EPA 600/52-81-025, 4 p.

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Hoffman, E.J.,1985,Urban runoff pollutant inputs to Narragansett Bay: comparison to point sources,: in Perspectives on non-point pollution-proceedings of a national conference, held in Kansas City, MO, May 19-22, Environmental Protection Agency EPA-440/5-85-001, p. 159-164.

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Hromadka, T.V.I.,1987, Uncertainty in hydrologic models: a review of the literature,: In James, W., and Barnwell, T.O., Jr., (eds.), Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting, March 23-24, 1987, Denver, Colorado, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/9-87/016, p. 217-227.

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Huber, W.C., Heaney, J.P., Aggidis, D.A., Dickinson, R.E., Smolenyak, K.J., and Wallace, R.W.,1982, Urban rainfall-runoff-quality database,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Project Summary EPA 600/s2-81-238, 5 p.

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Huber, W.C., Heaney, J.P., Smolenyak, K.J., and Aggidis, D.A.,1979, Urban rainfall-runoff-quality database - update with statistical analysis,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/8-79-004, 283 p.

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Irvine, K., James, W., Drake, J., Droppo,I., and Vernette, S., 1987, Evaluation of Sediment Erosion and Pollutant Associations for Urban Areas. Stormwater and Water Quality Management Modelling Conf. sponsored bt US EPA Colorado Urban Drainage andd Flood Control District 69 and U. of Colorado, Denver, Col. eds. James,W. and Barnwell, T.O. EPA/600/9-87/016 pp. 205-216 Mar 23-24 1987.

The algorithms for erosoin of pervious land in the USEPA stormwater management model (SWMM) are examined. Field equipment for measurement of simulated rain erosion is described. Field experiments are summarized. The relationship between eroded solids and rainfall energy is evaluated for different land types. Associations between fractionated eroded solids and metal concentrations are examined. Pollutographs show a relationship between eroded solids and selected metals concentrations.

Keefer, T.N., Simons, R.K., and McQuively, R.S.,1979,Dissolved oxygen impact from urban storm runoff,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/2-79-156, 238 p.

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Khalid, R.A, Holford, I.C.R, Mixon, M.N. Patrick, W.H.Jr,1981, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Reactions in Overland Flow of Wastewater, Environmental Protection Agency Project Summary EPA-600/S2-81-150.

Biochemical transformations of labelled ammonium-nitrogen resulting from the overland flow treatment of simulated wastewater were studied in small scale test models established with vegetated soils. Water movement in the system was primarily controlled by the application rate the friction slope, the slope angle, the hydraulic characteristics of soils, and the evapotranspiration. Aerobic-anaerobic zones in the soil mass facilitate nitrification denitrification processes and enhance nitrogen losses to the atmosphere. The incomplete nitrificatio of ammonium nitrogen in the simulated wastewater applied to overland flow models suggests that nitrification reactions may be limiting the proportion of nitrate-nitrogen available for denitrification reactions. The loss of applied ammonium-nitrogen attributed to denitrification reactions ranged from 3 to 35%.

The plant uptake of nitrogen in the overland flow and growth chamber studies accounted for 23 to 62% of applied ammonium-nitrogen. The results of laboratory studies indicated that initial flooding of aerated soil for about three weeks was accompanied by a large increase in phosphorus sorption capacity and decrease in phosphorus mobility. Longer periods of flooding caused a marked decrease in phosphorus sorption capacity and a corresponding increase in phosphorus mobility and leaching losses in acid soils. Calcium phosphate precipitation under alkaline soil conditions increased phosphorus sorption capacity of soils. The results of the overland flow experiment also demonstrated that the efficiency of phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater was greatly enhanced by lime addition to the soil compared to nonlimed flooded soil.

Kuzia, E.J., Black, J.J.,1985, Investigations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Discharges to Water in the Vicinity of Buffalo, NY. EPA Tech. Rpt. 905, Albany, New York.

Eastern Lake Erie and the upper Niagara River basin were sampled for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to assess their distribution and sources. Twenty-five sites were sampled using polypropylene substrates. Five areas were identified as having relatively high PAH contamination. These were Lake Erie at the mouth of Smoke Creek, The UNion and Lackawanna Ship Canals, the Buffalo River, Two Mile Creek , and the Buffalo Sewer Authority. Subsequent sampling and analysis of sediment, water and polypropylene substrates confirmed the original findings. The sources of the PAH were attributed to the steel manufacturing operations (Lake Erie at the mouth of Smoke Creek and the Union and Lackawanna Ship Canals) and oil storage facilities (Two Mile Creek). The Buffalo Sewer Authority was sampled directly in the outfall, and the analytical results identified it as a source of PAH to the Niagara River. the Buffalo River had several PAH inputs near the South Park Bridge. In addition to the areas identified as having high PAH contamination, there was a generalized PAH contamination throughout the study area.

Lord, B.N.,1985,Highway runoff/drainage impacts, in perspectives on non-point pollution,: Proceedings of a national conference, held in Kansas City, MO, May 19-22, Environmental Protection Agency EPA-440/5-85-001, p. 387-390.

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Lyman W.J., Glazer, A.E., Ong, J.H., and Coons, S.F.,1987,Overview of sediment quality in the United States,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 905/9-88-002, 204 p.

This report provides an overview of sediment quality in waters of the United States focused on describing, qualitatively, the nature and extent of contaminated sediments, i.e., bottom deposits in rivers, lakes, harbors and oceans that have been polluted with heavy metals, organic chemicals and other materials from anthropogenic sources. Such materials, also called "in-place pollutants," may be significantly impacting aquatic ecosystems in some areas, and may be degrading the quality of the overlying water to the extent thatwater-quality criteria are exceeded, and that uses of the water - by both aquatic life and humans - are impaired.

Information for this report was obtained from a review of the published literature and from interviews with individuals in agencies that deal with contaminated sediment and from interviews with individuals in agencies that deal with contaminated sediment. This data collection is not statistically designed or geographically complete despite these efforts. The study did not include a major compilation of sediment quality data or screen data. Major sections of the report provide information on: (1) the nature of sediment contamination problems; (2) sources of contaminated sediments; (3) available response to sediment contamination; and (4) an overview of sediment quality criteria, used to classify sediments as polluted or not.

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Mabey, W.R., Smith, J.H., Podoll, R.T, Johnson, H.L., et. al., 1982, AquaticFate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants. EPA Report 440/4-81-014Menlo Park, Ca.

Equilibrium and kinetic constants for evaluating the transformation and transport in aquatic systems for 114 organic chemicals on EPA's priority pollutant list have been obtained from the literature and from theoretical or empirical calculation methods. Constants for selected physical properties and for partitioning, volatilization, photolysis, oxidation, hydrolysis, and biotransformation are listed for each chemical along with the source of the data. A discussion of the empirical relationships between water solubility, octonal-water partition coefficients, and partition coefficients for sediment and biota are presented. The calculation of volatilization rates for organic chemicals in aqueous systems also is discussed.

McElroy, A.D., Chiu, S.Y., Nebgen, J.W., Aleti, A., and Bennett, F.W.,1976,Loading functions for assessment of water pollution from nonpoint sources,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/2-76-151, 465 p.

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Mitsch, W.J.,1990,Wetlands for the control of nonpoint source pollution: preliminary feasibility study for Swan Creek watershed of northwestern Ohio,: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 92 p.

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Mortenson, D., 1989, Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed Data for Direct/Delayed Response Project: Southern Blue RidgeProvince Database., Report No. EPA/600/3-89/002,

The Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) was designed by the US EPA within the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) to predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to acidic deposition. The purpose of the DDRP is to investigate and distinguish the time scales over which surface water systems might change chemically under varying levels of acidic deposition. The DDRP is examining of subset of watersheds sampled in the US EPA National Surface Water Survey. In the Southern Blue Ridge Province Region of the United States, 35 watersheds are under study. The DDRP required detailed watershed information on those characteristics thought important relative to the effects of acid deposition. This information was then mapped, then entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Murray, D.M. Ernst, U.F.W,1976, An Economic Analysis of the EnvironmentalImpact of Highway Deicing, Report EPA-600/2-76-105, Cambridge, MA.

The effects of salt use for highway deicing and snow removal on water supplies, lakes, and rivers; on trees and other vegetation; on bridges; on vehicles; on underground power transmission lines; and on public health are discussed. By analyzing available data it is estimated that the minimal annual costs of salt use to the snowbelt states approximates $3 billion , distributed as follows: Surface and groundwater water supplies with the potential for irreversible public health damage to the hypertension-sensitive segment of the population - $150 millions; vegetation - $50 millions; highways and bridges - $500 millions; vehicles - $2000 millions; underground power transmission lines - $10 millions; and salt purchases and application - $200 million. The damage cost is almost 15 times the annual national budget for the purchase and application of road salt, and about six times the entire annual national budget for snow and ice removal. It is recommended that the level of salting be reduced by an amount determined by local conditions and that greater emphasis should be placed on plowing and sanding snow removal methods. Educational programs should be instituted to alert the public to the extent of salt damage and greater emphasis should be placed on driver training under winter conditions. (Auen-Wisconsin)Guidelines, and standards were used to complete GIS entry of the mapping data, and quality control procedures were used to ensure accuracy and consistency. (Author's abstract).

Nussbaum, J.C.,1991,Urban storm water runoff and ground-water quality,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA 101/F-90/046, 73 p.

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Olivieri, V.P., Kruse, C.W., and Kawata, K.,1977, Microorganisms in Urban Stormwater, EPA Rpt. Baltimore, MD.

Microbiological quantitative assays of Baltimore City urban runoff were conducted throughout a 12 month period to show the relationships of several factors such as separate or combined sewer flow, urban characteristics of drainage areas, rainfall, and quality of flow during and between rain storms. In general, there was a consistently high recovery of both pathogenic and indicator organisms throughout the study except for Shigella sp. which is believed to have been present but could not be isolated due to interferences during the culture process. There appeared to be little relationship between pathogen recovery and season of the year, amount of rainfall, period of the antecedant rainfall, and stream flow. The most concentrated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at levels ranging from 1000-100,000 and from 1-1000/100ml, respectively. Salmonella and enteroviruses, though frequently isolated, were found at levels of only 1-10,000/10ml of urban runoff. The background samples (sewage, urban streams and reservoirs) between storms gave good positive correlation between indicators and pathogens from 95-99 percent level of confidence, whereas, the stormwater gave no or poor correlation. The ratios of indicators, such as FC/FS, gave some indications of pollution by human sewage, but it was the presence of enteroviruses that definitely showed the mixing of sewage with rainwater, whether in a storm sewer or in a combined sewr overflow. The logistical solution would point to the removal of sanitary sewer overflows rather than the disinfection of all urban runoff for removing the health hazard and improving the quality of urban runoff.

Papp, M.L., and Van Remortel, R.C.,1987,Direct/delayed response project: field operations and quality assurance report for soil sampling and preparation in the northeastern United States, volume II. preparation,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/4-87/030b, 96 p.

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Peterson, S.A., Miller, W.E., Greene, J.C., and Callahan, C.A.,1985,Use of bioassays to determine potential toxicity effects of environmental pollutants,: In Perspectives on non-point pollution-Proceedings of a National Conference, held in Kansas City, MO, May 19-22, Environmental Protection Agency EPA-440/5-85-001, p. 38-45.

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Pitt, R.,1985,Characterizing and controlling urban runoff through street and sewerage cleaning,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/2-85/038, 476 p.

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Pitt, R., Clarke, S., Parmer, K., 1994, Potential Groundwater ContaminationFrom Intentional and NON-Intentional Stormwater Infiltraton, EPA Rpt.600-14, Birmingham, Alabama.

This report is a summary of research conducted during the first year of a three year cooperative agreement to identify and control stormwater toxicants especially from adversely impacting groundwater. Previous projects have identified many organic and heavy metal toxicants in stormwater and surface receiving waters. Several projects have also documented the extensive nature of receiving water impacts from stormwater discharges to creeks and streams especially biological impacts. Infiltration of stormwater has received much attention as a way to reduce these stormwater discharges to surface waters and to help restore the hydrologic balance to urban areas. The purpose of this project was to review the groundwater contamination literature as it relates to stormwater. Potential problem pollutants were identified, based on their mobility, abundance, and treatability before discharge. Recommendations are also made for stormwater infiltration guidelines in different areas and monitering that should be conducted to evaluate a specific stormwater for groundwater contamination potential.

Pitt, R., Lalor, M., Adrian, D.D., Field, R., and Barbe, D.,1993,Investigation of inappropriate pollutant entries into storm drainage systems - a user's guide,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/R-92/238, 87 p.

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Powell, S., Neal, R., and Leyva, J.,,1996,Runoff and leaching of simazine and diuron used on highway rights-of-way,: State of California Environmental Protection Agency, report EH 96-03.

Simazine and diuron runoff from highway right-of-way in California is a potential source of environmental contamination because these preemergence herbicides are widely used during the rainy season from November to March. A study to investigate this concern was conducted in Glenn County in California's northern Central Valley, in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation, which is responsible for weed control along all State and Interstate highways. Simazine and diuron were applied together in a spray to a 2.4 m-wide strip next to the highway pavement, at the rate of 2.02 kg simazine active ingredient ha and 3.59 kg diuron ha-1. Concentrations of simazine and diuron in highway runoff were measured during both simulated and natural rainfall. Simulated rain (13 mm in 1 hr) was applied to plots on treated highway shoulders at three sites. At one site, none of the artificial rainfall ran off the plot. At the other two sites, 5-12% and 17-46% of the applied water ran off. Simazine concentrations in runoff at these two sites, respectively, ranged from 78-447 and from 154-574 mg L-1, diuron concentrations ranged from 144- 1175 and 348-1770 mg L-1. Total mass of herbicide leaving the plots in runoff accounted for 0.2- 1.8% and 1.6-2.3% of total simazine applied at each of the two sites, respectively, and for 0.2- 3.2% and 2.5-5.4% of the diuron. Soil was sampled to a depth of 3 m at the site where no runoff occurred, and to 1 m at the other sites. Soil was sampled to a depth of 3 m at the site where no run-off occurred, and to 1 m at the other sites. Herbicide was not found below 0.3 m depth at any of the 3 sites. Of the total 38 samples taken from the top 0.3 m depth at any of the 3 sites. Of the total 38 samples taken from the top 0.3 m of soil, 13 contained simazine (maximum concentration 694 mg kg-1, found prior to herbicide application) and 17 contained diuron (maximum concentration 874 mg kg-1, just after rainfall simulation). Natural rain runoff was sampled at a fourth site during several winter storms. Concentrations ranged from 29-337 mg L-1 simazine and 46-2849 mg L-1 diuron. The largest amounts removed in any sampled period were 5.3% of the applied simazine and 8.4% of the diuron in one 28-hr period. Natural runoff from one quadrant of a freeway inter-change was also sampled during several storms. Only simazine was applied at this site. Samples were collected from a flume that discharged runoff into a drainage canal. The first runoff sample was taken after a total of 100 mm of rain had fallen, and simazine concentration averaged 105 mg L-1 in 52-66 m3 of runoff water collected. The greatest mass discharge in any sampled period was 155-200 m3 of runoff in 20 hr, with an average concentration of 83 mg L-1 simazine. Further research should assess the potential hazard to aquatic life in receiving waters.

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Richardson, D.L., Campbell, C.P., Carroll, R.J., Hellstrom, D.I., Metzger, J.B., O'Brian, P.J., Terry, R.C., and D.L., R.,1974,Manual for deicing chemicals: storage and handling,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 670/2-74-033, 87 p.

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Richardson, D.L., Terry, R.C., Metzger, J.B., and Carroll, R.J.,1974,Manual for deicing chemicals: application practices,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 670/2-74-045, 151 p.

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Shaheen, J.D.a.B., G.B.,1975,Contributions of urban roadway usage to water pollution,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report EPA 600/2-75-004, 358 p.

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Simko, R.A.,1995,Urban stormwater runoff, in working for clean water - an information program for advisory groups,: Citizen Handbook, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, chap. 16, p. 229-239.

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Simpson, J.C., and Olsen, A.R.,1990, Uncertainty in north American wet deposition isopleth maps: effect of site selection and valid sample criteria,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/4-90/005.

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Sonnen, M.B.,1983,Guidelines for the monitoring of urban runoff quality,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/2-83-124, 128 p.

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Spiegel, S.J., Tifft, E.C., Murphy, C.B., and Ott, R.R.,,1984,Evaluation of urban runoff and combined sewer overflow mutagenicity,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/S2-84-116, 5 p.

A study was conducted to evaluate combined sewer overflows and urban runoff for thepresence of chemical mutagens. The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test was used as a general biological effects test for the qualitative detection of mutagens in the sanitary environment, including rain, urban runoff, sanitary wastewater, combined sewer overflows, sewage treatment plant effluent, and receiving waters. The Ames test is a relatively sensitive and simple bacterial test for detecting chemical mutagens. Its advantages over long-term animal tests are speed, ease, and relatively low cost. The test employs previously mutated Salmonella typhimurium LT2 bacterial strains that tend to mutate back to their natural state when exposed to mutagenic compounds. Nineteen samples produced a detectable response to one or more of the five S. typhimurium test strains, with or without metabolic activation. Nine of these samples (47%) were of urban runoff in the project area of metropolitan Syracuse (Onondaga County), New York, and they produced 17 of 30 detectable responses (57%). Five of the samples (26%) were from combined sewer overflows, and they produced 7 of 30 detectable responses (23%). The results indicated that urban runoff components that produce a detectable response in the Ames test may be diluted or inactivated in combination with sanitary sewage to form combined sewage, since fewer responses were detected in the latter than in urban runoff. This Project Summary was developed by EPA's Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. to announce key findings of the research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1993,EPA requirements for quality management plans,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Interim Final EPA QA/R-2 1994, 29 p.

Environmental programs conducted in behalf of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) involve many diverse activities that address complex environmental issues. The EPA annually spends several hundred million dollars in the collection of environmental data for scien-tific research and regulatory decision-making. In addition, the regulated community may spend as much as an order of magnitude more each year to respond to Agency compliance requirements. Furthermore, EPA is increasingly involved in the use of environmental technology for pollution control and waste clean-up, often specifying the use of particular technologies in permits and regulations. Environmental data are critical inputs to decisions involving the protection of the public and the environment from the adverse effects of pollutants from natural and manmade sources. Such sources may include waste operations and industrial discharges. Similarly, environmental data are key inputs to decisions and actions pertaining to environmental protection efforts in air, land, forests, fresh water, oceans, estuaries, and ground-water. The success of the environmental technology in abating pollutant emissions and effluent discharges, or in remediating waste sites, depends largely on the design of the technology, its proper quality control (QC) practices are need to ensure that environmental technology successfully performs its intended role. It is the policy of EPA that all environmental programs conducted by or on behalf of EPA shall establish and implement effective quality systems to support those programs. This policy requires that all Agency organizational units document their quality system's in an approved Quality Management Plan (QMP). This plan provides the blueprint for how an individual Agency component will plan, implement, and assess its quality system for the environmental work to be performed as part of its mission. QMPs submitted by organizations performing work for EPA as evidence of that organization's established quality system are reviewed and approved by authorized EPA personnel as part of the contracting or assistance agreement processes. The QMP is the blueprint for how the organization will conduct its business. The QMP defines an organization's QA-related:

* policies and procedures,

* criteria for and areas of application, and,

* roles, responsibilities, and authorities

The QMP is a management tool that should be appropriately tailored to the needs of its organization and that defines how its quality management objectives will be attained. The QMP must be sufficiently inclusive, explicit, and readable to enable managers and supervisors to understand the priority which management places on QA, the established QA policies and procedures, and their respective QA roles. The QMP must be constructed and written so that an assessment of its effectiveness following implementation will permit the determination of whether or not the quality system is being managed in a way that assures successful environmental programs. In practice, the QMP should be focused on the processes used to plan, implement, and assess the programs to which it is applied. The level of detail shall be based on a common sense, graded approach that establishes QA and QC requirements commensurate with the importance of the work, the available resources, and the unique needs of the organization. QMPs may be tailored to individual requirements and modified as the requirements change. This document describes the quality management practices which are normally considered to be critical to a quality system. Some elements are mandatory to ensure consistency across EPA-related quality systems. Other elements may be mission-specific and may not apply to every organization. Each organization should evaluate these key elements to see if they are applicable to their quality system. Where a particular element is not relevant, a brief explanation of why it is not relevant should be provided in the quality management document. On the other hand, if the QMP prepare determines that additional quality management elements are useful or necessary for an adequate quality system, these elements should be developed and discussed in the quality system documents.

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Rossman, L.A.,1991,Computing TMDLs for urban runoff and other pollutant sources,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/A-94/236, 17 p.

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Taggart, W.C., and Wu, M.S.,1987,Corrective phosphorus removal for urban storm runoff at a residential development in the town of Parker, Colorado,: In James, W., and Barnwell, T.O., Jr., (eds.), Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting, March 23-24, 1987, Denver, Colorado, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/9-87/016, p. 194-204.

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Tetra Tech Inc.,1988,Elliott Bay action program - a storm drain monitoring approach,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 910/9-88/207, 100 p.

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Thornton, K.W., Hyatt, D.E., and Chapman, C.B.,,1993,Environmental monitoring and assessment program guide,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 620/R-93/012, 35 p.

The Program Guide for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) describes an interagency, interdisciplinary program that will contribute to decisions on environmental protection and management by integrating research, monitoring, and assessment. EMAP's strategies are based on social values and policy-relevant questions as well as rigorous science. EMAP will estimate the current status, trends, and changes in indicators of the condition of the Nation's ecological resources at regional scales of resolution with known confidence. EMPA will estimate the geographic coverage and extent of the Nation's ecological resources with known confidence. EMAP seeks to understand associations between selected indicators of natural or human-induced stresses and ecological condition. EMAP will provide annual statistical summaries and periodic assessments of the Nation's ecological resources.

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Tomlinson, R.D., Bebee, B.N., Heyward, A.A., Munger, S.G., Swartz, R.G., Lazoff, S., Spyridakis, D.E., Shepard, M.F., and Thom, R.M.,1980,Fate and effects of particulates discharged by combined sewers and storm drains,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/2-80-111, 183 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1196,Guidance for data quality assessment: Practical methods for data analysis EPA QA/G-9,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/R-96/084, 157 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1997,Monitoring guidance for determining the effectiveness of nonpoint source controls,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 841-B-96-004.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1997,Draft final-electronic version: EPA requirements for quality assurance project plans for environmental data operation,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 41 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1994,EPA requirements for quality management plans,: Draft Interim Final: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 29 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1994,Guidance for the data quality objectives process,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA QA/G-4, 68 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1997,EPA guidance for quality assurance project plans,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA QA/G-5, 53 p.

This document presents detailed guidance on how to develop a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) for environmental data operations performed by or for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This guidance discusses how to address and implement the specifications in Requirements for QA Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations (EPA QA/R-5). The QAPP is the critical planning document for any environmental data collection operation because it documents how quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) activities will be implemented during the life cycle of a program, project, or task. The QAPP is the blueprint for identifying how the quality system of the organization performing the work is reflected in a particular project and in associated technical goals. QA is a system of management activities designed to ensure that the data produced by the operation will be of the type and quality needed and expected by the data user. QA is acknowledged to be a management function emphasizing systems and policies, and it aids the collection of data of needed and expected quality appropriate to support management decisions in a resource-efficient manner.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Practical Methods for Data Analysis,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA QA/G-9.

Data Quality Assessment (DQA) is the scientific and statistical evaluation of data to determine if data obtained from environmental data operations are of the right type, quality, and quantity to support their intended use. This guidance demonstrates how to use DQA in evaluating environmental data sets and illustrates how to apply some graph- ical and statistical tools for performing DQA. The guidance focuses primarily on using DQA in environmental decision making; however, the tools presented for preliminary data review and verifying statistical assumptions are useful whenever environmental data are used, regardless of whether the data are used for decision making. DQA is built on a fundamental premise; data quality, as a concept, is meaningful only when it relates to the intended use of the data. Data quality does not exist in a vacuum; one must know in what context a data set is to be used in order to establish a relevant yardstick for judging whether or not the data set is adequate. By using the DQA Process, one can answer two fundamental questions: 1. Can the decision (or estimate) be made with the desired confidence, given the quality of the data set? 2. How well can the sampling design be expected to perform over a wide range of possible outcomes? If the same sampling design strategy is used again for a similar study, would the data be expected to support the same intended use with the desired level of confidence, particularly if the measurement results turned out to be higher or lower than those observed in the current study? The first question addresses the data user's immediate needs. For example, if the data provide evidence strongly in favor of one course of action over another, then the decision maker can proceed knowing that the decision will be supported by unambiguous data. If, however, the data do not show sufficiently strong evidence to favor one alternative, then the data analysis alerts the decision maker to this uncert- ainty. The decision maker now is in a position to make an informed choice about how to proceed (such as collect more or different data before making the decision, or proceed with the decision despite the relatively high, but acceptable, probability of drawing an erroneous conclusion). The second question addresses the data user's potential future needs. For example, if investigators decide to use a certain sampling design at a different location from where the design was first used, they should determine how well the design can be expected to perform given that the outcomes and environmental conditions of this sampling event will be different from those of the original event. Because environmental cond- itions will vary from one location or time to another, the adequacy of the sampling design approach should be evaluated over a broad range of possible outcomes and conditions.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995,Guidance for the preparation of standard operating procedures for quality-related documents,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency QA/G-6, EPA 600/R96/027, 22 p.

A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) documents routine or repetitive administrative and technical activities to facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of the product. The development and use of SOPs for both technical (e.g., measurements) and administrative (e.g., document review/tracking) functions is an integral part of a successful quality system. SOPs facilitate activities that would be managed under a work plan or a Quality Assurance Project Plan (EPA QA/R-5), or Chapter 5 of the EPA Quality Manual. The development and use of an SOP promotes quality through consistency within the organiza-tion, even if there are personnel changes. Therefore, SOPs could be used as a part of a personnel training program. When reviewing historical data, SOPs are valuable for reconstructing project activities when no references are available. Additional benefits of an SOP are reduced work effort, along with improved data comparability, credibility, and defensibility. This guidance document is designed to assist in the preparation and review of an SOP. To clarify terms for the purpose of this guidance, "protocol" is used to describe the actions of a program or group of activities and should not be confused with an SOP. The terms "shall" and "must" are used when the element mentioned is required and deviation from the specification will constitute non-conformance with the standard. The term "should" indicates that the element mentioned is recom-mended. The term "may" indicates when the element is optional or discretionary. The terms (shall, must, should, and may) are used as noted in ANSI/SQC E4-1994.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1196,Guidance for data quality assessment: Practical methods for data analysis EPA QA/G-9,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 600/R-96/084, 157 p.

Data Quality Assessment (DQA) is the scientific and statistical evaluation of data to determine if data obtained from environmental data operations are of the right type, quality, and quantity to support their intended use. This guidance demonstrates how to use DQA in evaluating environmental data sets and illustrates how to apply some graphical and statistical tools for performing DQA. The guidance focuses primarily on using DQA in environmental decision making; however, the tools presented for preliminary data review and verifying statistical assumptions are useful whenever environmental data are used, regardless of whether the data are used for decision making. DQA is built on a fundamental premise: data quality, as a concept, is meaningful only when it relates to the intended use of the data. Data quality does not exist in a vacuum; one must know in what context a data set is to be used in order to establish a relevant yardstick for judging whether or not the data set is adequate. By using the DQA Process, one can answer two fundamental questions: 1. Can the decision (or estimate) be made with the desired confidence, given the quality of the data set? 2. How well can the sampling design be expected to perform over a wide range of possible outcomes? If the same sampling design strategy is used again for a similar study, would the data be expected to support the same intended use with the desired level of confidence, particularly if the measurement results turned out to be higher or lower than those observed in the current study? The first question addresses the data user's immediate needs. For example, if the data provide evidence strongly in favor of one course of action over another, then the decision maker can proceed knowing that the decision will be supported by unambiguous data. If, however, the data do not show sufficiently strong evidence to favor one alternative, then the data analysis alerts the deci-sion maker to this uncertainty. The decision maker now is in a position to make an informed choice about how to proceed (such as collect more or different data before making the decision, or proceed with the decision despite the relatively high, but acceptable, probability of drawing an erroneous conclusion). The second question addresses the data user's potential future needs. For example, if investigators decide to use a certain sampling design at a different location from where the design was first used, they should determine how well the design can be expected to perform given that the outcomes and environmental conditions of this sampling event will be different from those of the original event. Because environmental conditions will vary from one location or time to another, the adequacy of the sampling design approach should be evaluated over a broad range of possible outcomes and conditions.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, An Overview of Sediment Quality in the United States,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-905/9-88-002.

This report provides an overview of sediment quality in waters of the United States focused on describing, qualitatively, the nature and extent of contaminated sediments, i.e., bottom deposits in rivers, lakes, harbors and oceans that have been polluted with heavy metals, organic chemicals and other materials from anthropogenic sources. Such materials, also called "in-place pollutants," may be significantly impacting aquatic ecosystems in some areas, and may be degrading the qual-ity of the overlying water to the extent that water quality criteria are exceeded, and that uses of the water - by both aquatic life and humans - are impaired. Information for this report was obtained from a review of the published literature and from interviews with individuals in agencies that deal with contaminated sediment. The data collection is not statistically designed or geographically complete despite these efforts. The study did not include a major compilation of sediment quality data or screen data. Major sections of the report provide information on: (1) the nature of sediment contamination problems: (2) sources of contaminated sediments; (3) available response to sediment contamination; and (4) an overview of sediment quality criteria, used to classify sediments as polluted or not.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1974,Comparison of manual (grab) and vacuum type automatic sampling techniques on an individual and composite sample basis,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Field Investigations Center, 39 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1975,Scientific and technical assessment report on cadmium,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report EPA 600/6-75-003, 72 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1976,Minimal requirements for a water quality assurance program,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Monitoring and Data Support Div. EPA 440/9-75-010, Washington, DC., 20 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1977,State program elements necessary for participation in the national pollution discharge elimination system,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, part 124, sections 124.1-124.94, p. 69-93.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1980,Nationwide urban runoff program, quarterly progress report,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 341-082/103, 200 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1983,Guidance for preparation of combined work/quality assurance project plans for water monitoring,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1983,Results of the nationwide urban runoff program, executive summary,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 24 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1983,Results of the nationwide urban runoff program - volume 1 - final report,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1986,Development of data quality objectives,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Quality Assurance Management Staff, Washington D.C., 12 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1986,Methodology for analysis of detention basins for control of urban runoff quality,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, Nonpoint Source Brance, EPA 440/5-87-001, 51 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1987,Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) for 301(h) monitoring programs: guidance on field and laboratory methods,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 430/9-86-004.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1989,A probabilistic methodology for analyzing water quality effects of urban runoff on rivers and streams,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1990,Storm and combined sewer overflow,: An Overview Of EPA's Research Program: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/8-89/054, 48 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1991,Construction site storm water discharge control--an inventory of current practices June 26,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 833-R-91-100.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1991,Guidance manual for the preparation of NPDES permit applications for storm water discharges associated with industrial activity,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 505/8-91-002, 207 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1992,Storm water management for construction activities-- developing pollution prevention plans and best management practices--summary guidance,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA 833/R-92/001, 33 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1992,Storm water management for construction activities--developing pollution prevention plans and best management practices,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA 832/R-92/005, Washington, D.C.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1992,NPDES storm water sampling guidance document,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA 833/B-92/001, Washington, D.C., 177 p

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1992,Environmental impacts of stormwater discharges - a national profile,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 841/R-92/001, 44 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1993,Natural wetlands and urban stormwater - potential impacts and management,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 843/R-001, 76 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1993,Guidance specifying management measures for sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 840-B-92-002.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1993,Municipal wastewater management fact sheets - storm water best management practices,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA 832/F-93/013, 87 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1995,Office of water quality management plan,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 800-R-95-001.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1995,Storm water discharges potentially addressed by phase II of the national pollutant discharge elimination system storm water program, report to congress,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 833/K-94/002, chap. 1-4, appendix B and F.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1996,Guidance for data quality assessment, practical methods for data analysis, EPA QA/G-9 version,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report EPA 600/R-96/084.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1996,Municipal wastewater management fact sheets - storm water best management practices,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Report EPA 832/F-96/001.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1996,Stormwater BMP: highway ice and snow removal and minimization of associated environmental effects from these procedures, in municipal wastewater management fact sheets - storm water best management practices,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OWM Municipal Technology Branch, 9 p.

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Wullschleger, R.E., Zanoni, A.E., and Hansen, C.A.,1976,Methodology for the study of urban storm generated pollution and control,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report EPA 600/2-76- 145, 342 p.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,1997,Transportation and Environmental Impacts,: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Transportation Partners EPA 230-F-97-007, 4. p.

Virtually all human activities have an impact upon our environment, and transportation is no exception. While transportation is crucial to our economy and our personal lives, the environmental impacts of transportation are equally significant and wide ranging. Today's cars and trucks burn fuel 35 percent more efficiently and with 95 percent less emissions than 30 years ago, but the continuing increase in vehicle miles traveled has slowed our progress toward environmentally sustainable transportation. In 1996, American drove nearly 2.3 trillion miles -- a distance roughly equal to 12,000 round trips to the sun and an increase of more than 50 percent from 1980. EPA's Transportation Partners program aims to mitigate the environmental impacts of transportation by helping localities curb vehicle traffic. Transportation Partners promotes the voluntary adoption of strategies that improve regional mobility while reducing the need to drive.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975,Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Cadmium, EPA Rpt. 600/6-75-003, Menlo Park, CA.

This report is a review and evaluation of the current knowledge of cadmium in the environment as related to possible deleterious effects of human health and welfare. Sources, distribution, measurement, and control technology are also considered.