- - - - - - DRAFT DEICING BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - - - - - - - - Collection and Verification in Progress - - - - - - 10/07/97 - - - Adams, F.S., 1973, Highway Salt: Social and Environmental Concerns: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 3-13. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Specification for Calcium Chloride, D98-93. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. D04.03, 1993. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Specification for Sodium Chloride, D632-94. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. D04.03, 1994. Amrhein Christopher, Mosher, P.A., Strong, J.E., 1993. Colloid assisted transport of trace metals in roadside soils receiving deicing salts., Soil Society of America Journal, V. 57 N.5 Sept Oct 1993 pp. 1212-1217. Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. (1992). Effects of deicing salts on metal and organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 26, pp. 703-709. Amrhein, Christopher, and J.E. Strong. 1990, The Effect of Deicing Salts on Trace Metal Mobility in Roadside Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 765-772. Amrhein, C., and Strong, J.E., 1990, The effect of deicing chemicals on major ion and trace metal chemistry in roadside soils, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 120-139. Amrhein Christopher, Mosher, P.A., Strong, J.E., and Pacheco, P.G., 1994, Trace Metal Solubility in Soils and waters receiving Deicing salts: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 23, No. 2, p.219-227. Art, H.W., Bormann, F.H., Voigt, G.K., Woodwell, G.M., 1973. Reports: Barrier Island Forest Ecosystems: Role of Meteorologic Nutrient Inputs. Science. V. 184, p. 60-62 ASTM, 1989. Standard Specification for Sodium Chloride. American Standard Testing Materials. D 632-84, p. 652-653 August, L.L., and Graupensperger,T.A., 1989, Impacts of Highway Deicing Programs on Groundwater and Surface Water Quality in Maryland, IN: Groundwater Issues and Solutions in the Potomac River Basin/Chesapeake Bay Region, p. 371-395. Barnes, P.L., Smajstrla, A., Reddell, D.L., 1976, An Automatic System for Measuring Salt Concentration Profiles in Porous Media: Procedings of the Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, December 14-17, Chicago, Illinois, Texas A and M Univ. College Station. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, 14 p. Bauske, Bernhard., Goetz, Dietmar,1993,Effects of Deicing- Salts on heavy metal mobility:Acta hydrochim.Hydrobiol. v. 21, no. 1, pp. 38-42. Beekman, H.E., Appelo C.A.J., 1990, Ion chromatography of fresh- and salt-water displacement: Laboratory experiments and multicomponent transport modelling: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, V. 7 pp 21-37. Bloomberg, Arthur, and Kurt, Ladenberg. The Occurrence of Impurities in Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Purified Sodium Chloride. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 106, No. 1, 1959, pp. 54-56. Brandt, G.H., 1973, Potential Impact of Sodium Chloride and calcium Chloride De-icing Mixtures on Roadside Soils and Plants: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 52-66. Brenner, R., and Moshman, J., 1976, Benefits and Costs in the Use of Highway Salt to Deice Highways, 140p. Brimblecombe, P., Tranter, M., Tsiouris, S., Davies, T.D., and Vincent, C.E., (1986). The chemical evolution of snow and meltwater, IAHS Publ. No. 155, pp. 283-295. Bubeck, R.C., Burton, R.S., 1989, Changes in Chloride Concentrations, Mixing Petterns, and Strstification Characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, After Decreased use of Road-deicing Salts, 1974-1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-resources Investigations Report 87-4223, 52p. Bubeck, R.C., Diment, W.H., Deck, B.L., Bladwin, A.L., and Lipton, S.D., 1971, Runoff of Deicing Salt: Effect on Irondequoit Bay, Rochester, New York: Science Vol. 172, p.1128-1132. Button, E.F., and Peaslee, D.E., 1967, The Effect of Rock Salt Upon Roadside Sugar Maples in Connecticut: Highway Research Record, no. 161, p. 121-131. Buzio, C.A., Burt, G.W. and Foss, J.E., 1977, Deicing salt movement and its effects on soil parameters and vegetation: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 69, p. 1030-1032. Chappelow, C.C., McElroy, A.D., Blackburn, R.R., Cooper, G.R., Pinzino, C.S., Darwin, D., deNoyelles, F.G., Locke, C.E., 1993, Evaluation procedures for deicing chemicals and improved sodium chloride: Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, DC. SHRP-H-647, 376 p. Chollar, B.H., 1984, Federal Highway Administration Research on Calcium Magnesium Acetate - An Alternative Deicer: Public Roads, v. 47, no. 4, p. 113-118. Chollar, B.H., 1990, An overview of deicing research in the United States, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 1-6. Church, P.E., Armstrong, D.S., Granato, G.E., Stone, V.J., Smith, K.P., and Provencher, P.L., 1996, Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing contamination of groundwater by road salt, Route 25, southeastern Massachusetts--description of study area, data collection programs, and methodology, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-317, 72 pp. Church, P.E., and P.J. Friesz, 1993a Delineation of a Road-Salt Plume in Groundwater, and Traveltime Measurements for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity by Use of Borehole-Induction Logs. In the Fifth International Symposium on Geophysics for Minerals, Geotechnical, and Environmental Applications. Tulsa, Oklahoma, October 24-28, 1993, The Minerals and Geotechnical Logging Society, Proceedings, pp. Y1-Y16. Church, P.E. and Friesz P.J., 1993b. Effectiveness of highway- drainage systems in preventing road-salt contamination of ground water--Preliminary findings. Transportation Research Record, 1420: 56-64. Cohn, M.M., and Fleming, R.R, 1974, Managing Snow Removal and Ice Control Problems, American Public Works Association, p 98, 109, 110,and 167. Connolly, J.P., Paquin, P.R., Mulligan, T.J., Wu, K.B., and Davanzo, L., 1990, Calcium magnesium acetate biodegradations and its impact on surface waters, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 140-156. Cornell Cooperative Extension Office, 1988, Highway Salt Management Handbook for Local Government Officials, Cornell University Cooperative Extension Service, Albany New York, 33 pp. Crowther, R.A., and Hynes H.B.N., 1977, The effect of road deicing salt on the drift of stream benthos. Environmental Pollution, Vol 14 pp 113-126. Davis, J.A., C.C. Fuller, J.A. Costin, K.M. Hess, and E. Dixon. Spatial Heterogeneity of Geochemical and Hydrologic Parameters Affecting Metal Transport in Groundwater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA/600/S-93-006, 1993. Delano, E.B., 1990, Operational aspects of highway deicing, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing- Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 172. Demers, C.L., and Sage, R.W. Jr., 1990, Effects of Road Deicing Salt on Chloride Levels in Four Adirondack Streams: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 49, p. 369-373. Demers, C.L., and Sage, R.W., Jr., 1990, Effects of road deicing salt on chloride levels in four Adirondack streams, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing- Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 171. Dennis, H.W., 1973, Salt Pollution of a Shallow Aquifer - Indianapolis, Indiana: Groundwater, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 18-22. Diment, W.H., Bubeck, R.C. and B.L. Deck, 1973, Some Effects of De-icing Salts on Irindequoit Bay and its Drainage Basin: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 23-34. Doner H.E., 1978, "Chloride as a Factor in Mobilities of Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) in Soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., Vol.42, pp.882-885. Eisen, C., and Anderson, M.P., The effects of ubanization on groundwater quality, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in Jackson, R.E., ed., Aquifer contamination and protection:Paris UNESCO Press pp 378-390. Elliott H.A., and Linn J.H., 1987, "Effect of Calcium Magnesium Acetate on Heavy Metal Mobility in Soils", J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 16, pp. 222-22 Eshleman, K.N., and Hermond, H.F., 1988, Alkalinity and major ion budgets for a Massachusetts reservoir and watershed: Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 33, No. 2, p. 174-185. Fam, S., Kahawita, R., 1994, A Numerical Study of Variable Density Flow and Mixing in Porous Media: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2707-2716. Feick G. Horne R.A., and Yeaple D. 1972 Release of Mercury from contaminated Freshwater Sediments by the runoff of road deicing salt, Science Vol 175 No 4026 pp 54,55 Feth J.H. Chloride in Natural Continental Water-- a Review. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2176, 1981, 30 p. Field R., and O'Shea, M.L., 1992, The USEPA Research Program on the Environmental Impacts and Control of Highway Deicing Salt Pollution,IN: Chemical Deicers and the Environment, p. 117-133. Field, R., Struzeski, E., Masters, H., and Tafuri, A., 1974, Water Pollution and Associated Effects from Street Salting: Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, v. 100, no. EE1, p. 459-477. Foster, D., 1975, Highway Ice and Snow Removal and Deicing Salt Problems at Lake Tahoe: Proceedings in Lake Tahoe Research Seminar III January 17, p. 3-27. Frost, L.R., 1976, Effects of Deicing Chemicals on the Hyrdologic Environment in Massachusetts--Evaluation of Surface-Water Data Collection. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-353, 34 p. Frost, L.R., Pollock, S.J., and Wakele, R.F., 1981, Hyrdologic Effects of Highway-deicing Chemicals in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-209, 56p. Frost, L.R., Pollock, S.J., and Wakele, R.F., 1981, Hyrdologic Effects of Highway-deicing Chemicals in Massachusetts-Executive Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-210, 10p. Gales J. E., and VanderMeulen J., 1992, Deicing Chemical Use on the Michigan State Highway System IN: Chemical Deicers and the Environment. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. p 135-184. Geotechnical Engineers Inc., 1985, Hobbs Brook Reservoir Sodium Chloride Study, Massachusetts Dept. of Public Works, 31 pp.(--loaned to Gardener Bent) Gidley, J.L., 1990, The impact of deicing salts on roadside vegetation on two sites in California, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 20-48. Goldenberg, L.C., 1985, Decrease of hydraulic conductivity in sand at the interface between seawater and dilute clay suspensions: Journal of Hydrology, v.78, pp. 183-199. Gosz, J.R., 1977, Influence of Road Salting on the nutrient and heavy metal levels in stream water. New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, Technical Completion Report 3109-68, A-057-NMEX, 18p. Granato, G.E., 1996, Deicing chemicals as a source of constituents in highway runoff. Transportation Research Record 1533, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 50-58. Granato G.E., Church, P.E., Stone V.J., 1995 Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by Deicing-Chemical Migration, Transportation Research Record 1483, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 92-104. Habitat School of Environment, 1972, Deicing Salts and the Environment, for Massachusetts and National Audubon Societies, 50p. Hall, F.J., 1975, Chloride in Natural Waters of New Hampshire, New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Station Bulletin 504, 25p. Hanes, R.E., Zelazny, L.W., and Blaser, R.E., 1970, Salt Tolerance of Trees and Shrubs to Deicing Salts: Highway Research Record, no. 335, p. 16-18. Hanes R.E., Zelazny, L.W., and Blaser, R.E., 1976, Effects of Deicing Salts on Water Quality and Biota--Literature Review and Recommended Research: National Cooperative Highway Research program Report 91, 83 p. Hanes, R.E., L.W. Zelazny, K.G. Verghese, R.P. Bosshart, E.W. Carson, Jr., R.E. Blaser, and D.D. Wolf, 1976. Effects of Deicing Salts on Plant Biota and Soil (Experimental Phase). National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 170.Transportation Research Board. Heath, R.H., Kahl, J.S. and Norton, S.A., 1992, Episodic Stream Acidification Caused by Atmospheric Deposition of Sea Salts at Acadia National Park, Maine, United States: WaterResources Research, Vol. 28, No. 4, p. 1081-1088. Hiatt, G.F.S., George, N.A., Cushman, J.R., Griffis, L.C., and Rausina, G.A., 1988, Calcium magnesium acetate: Comparative toxicity tests and an industrial hygiene site investigation: Transportation Research Record, no. 1157, p. 20-26. Highway Research Board, 1973, Environmental Degredation by Deicing Chemicals and Effective Countermeasures: Highway Research Record Number 425, 9 reports, 86p. Hoffman, R.W., Golman, C.R., Paulson, S., Winters, G.R., 1981. Aquatic Impacts of Deicing Salts in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Water Resources Bulletin. V. 17, no. 2, p. 280-285 Holmes, F.W., and Baker, J.H., 1966, Salt Injury to Trees. II. Sodium and Chloride in Roadside Sugar Maples in Massachesetts: Phytopathology, v. 56, no. 6, p. 633-636. Horner, R.R., 1990, Environmental effects of calcium magnesium acetate: Emphasizing aquatic ecosystem effects, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 97-119. Howard, K.W.F., and Falck, H., 1986, Interrelationships of land use, soil conditions and groundwater contamination near Linsay, Ontario, Canadian Water Resources Journal, v. 11, No. 1, p. 111-125. Howard K.W.F., Lloyd, J.W., 1983, Major ion chemical characterization of coastal saline groundwaters, Groundwater, 21: 429-437. Howard, K.W.F., and P.J. Beck. Hydrogeochemical Implications of Groundwater Contamination by Road De-Icing Chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 12, 1993, pp. 245-268. Howard, K.W.F., and Haynes Janet, 1993. Groundwater contamination due to road deicing chemicals-salt balance implications. Geoscience Canada, V.20, 1:1-8. Howard, K.W.F., Boyce, J.J. Livingstone, S.J., Salvatori, S.L., 1993, Road Salt Impacts on Groundwater Quality --The Worst is Still to Come!, GSA Today Vol. 3, No. 2, Geological Society of America pp 318-321. Hughes, T.D., Butler, J.D., and Sanks, G.D., 1975, Salt Tolerecne and Suitablility of Various Grasses for Saline Roadsides: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 4, no. 1, p. 65-68. Huling, E.L., and Hollocher, T.C., 1972, Groundwater Contamination by Road Salt: Steady State Concentrations in East Central Massachusetts: Science, Vol. 176, p.288-290. Hutchinson, F.E., and Olson, B.E., 1967, The Relationship of Road Salt Applications to Sodium and Chloride Ion Levels in the Soil Bordering Major Highways: Highway Research Record Report No. 193. Hutchinson, F.E., 1979, Environmental Pollution from Highway Deicing Compounds: Journal of the New England Water Works Association, v. 93, no. 1, p 127-135. Hutchinson F.E., 1970, Environmental pollution from highway deicing compounds: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 25, p. 144-146. Hutchinson, F.E., 1966, Accumulation of Road Salt Ions in Soils Along Maine highways: Maine Farm Research, p. 13-16. Iowa Department of Transportation, 1980, Deicing practices in Iowa: An overview of social, economic and environmental implications: Iowa Department of Transportation, 90 p. Jackson, D.D., 1905, The Normal Distribution of Chlorine in the Natural Waters of New York and New England: Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 144, 30p. James, II, I.C., 1984 (draft), Effects of Highway Deicing Chemicals on Water Quality: for inclusion in the U.S. Geological Survey 1985 National Water Summary Report, 17p. Jones, P.H., 1980, Snow and Ice Control and the Environment, 16p. Jones, P.H., Jeffrey, B.A., Walter, P.K., and Hutchon, H., 1986, Environmental impact of road salting--State of the Art, Ontario Ministry of Transport Research Report RR237, 53p. Judd, J.H., 1970, Lake stratification caused by runoff from street deicing Water Research vol 4: 521-532 Katz B.G., Bricker O.P., Kennedy M.M. ,1985 Geochemical mass- balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains Maryland, American Journal of Science Vol 285 Dec 1985 pp 931-962. Kaufmann, D.W., Sieve and Chemical Analyses. In, Sodium Chloride, the Production and Properties of Salt and Brine. American Chemical Society Monograph Series, Kaufmann, D.W., ed. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1960, pp. 359-373. Kersey, K., 1981 . Laboratory and field studies on the effects of road deicing salt on stream invertebrates. Working Paper SIC-9, Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Toronto Ontario, Canada. Keyser, J.H., 1973, De-icing Chemicals and Abrasives: State of the Art: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 36-47. Knuth, Martin, J.L. Jackson, and D.O. Whittemore. 1990, An integrated approach to identifying the salinity source contaminating a ground- water supply. Groundwater, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 207-214 Kunkle, S.H., 1972, Effects of Road Salt on a Vermont Stream. Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 64, pp. 290- 295 Lagerwerff, J.V., and Brower, D.L., 1973, Exchange Adsobtion or Precipitation of Lead in Soils Treated with Chlorides of Aluminum, Calcium and Sodium: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, v. 37, no. 1, p. 11-13. Landsberger, S., and Jervis, R.E. (1985). Sulphur and Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Snow, Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 7, pp. 175-180. Lawrence, F.W., 1982, Identification of Recharge Areas Using Geochemical Factor Analysis: Groundwater, v. 20, no. 6, p. 680-687. Leiser, A.T., and John, S.A., 1990, Evaluation of the effects of calcium magneseum acetate on selected plant species, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 49-96. Lipka, G.S., and Aulenbach, D.B. 1976, The Effect of Highway Deicing Salt on Chloride Budgets at Lake George, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, FWI Report 76-2, 17 p. Locat, J., and Gelinas, P., 1988, Infiltration of deicing road salts in aquifers: The Trois-Rivieres-Ouest case, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 11, p. 2186-2193 Mattson, M.D., and P.J. Godfrey. Identification of Road Salt Contamination Using Multiple Regression and GIS. Environmental Management, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1994, pp. 767-773. McBean, E., and Al-Nassri, S. (1987). Migration pattern of deicing salts from roads. Journal of Environmental Management, 25(3), 231. Merian, E., 1994, Metals and Aquatic Contamination Workshop: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 28, No. 3, p. 144a-146a. Minsk, L.D., 1973, Use of De-icing salt - Possible Environmental Impact: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 1-2. Molles, M.C., Jr. 1980, Effects of road salting on stream invertebrate communities. Eisenhower Consortium Bulletin vol 28 no 6 pp 1-9. Molles, M.C., Jr., and Gosz, J.R. (1980) Effects of a ski area on the water- quality and invertebrates of a mountain stream. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 14, 187-205. Molts, W.C., Hydrology of West Holyoke and Adjacent Areas, p.64-68 Moyland, R. L. Jr (1980) City Examines Effects of Road Salting on its Water Supply. Public Works Vol.111 no. 8 pp. 59-60, August 1980 Murray, D.M., and Ernst, U.F., 1976, An Economic Analysis of the Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA-600/2-76-105, 128p. Nakamura, A., and Okada, R. (1976a). The coagulation of particles in suspension by freezing-thawing. I. Effect of freezing-thawing conditions and other factors on coagulation, Colloid and Polymer Sci., Vol. 254, pp. 718-725. Nakamura, A., and Okada, R. (1976b). The coagulation of particles in suspension by freezing-thawing. II. Mechanisms of Coagulation, Colloid and Polymer Sci., Vol. 254, pp. 497-506. Norton, S.A., Brakke, D.F., Kahl, J.S., Haines, T.A., 1989, Major Influences on Lake Water Chemistry in Maine: Maine Geological Survey, v. 5, p. 109-123. Norton S.A., Henriksen Arne, Wright, R.F. Brakke D.F., 1987. Episodes of natural acidification of surface waters by neutral sea salts: in Geomon extended abstracts from the international workshop on geochemistry and monitoring representative basins, B. Moldan, T. Paces eds., Prague Czechoslovakia pp.148-150. Nova, Scotia Department of the Environment. (1989). Environmental implications of road salting in Nova Scotia. PC E07/MF EO1, Nova Scotia Department of the Environment Halifax. Novak, S.A., and Ecksein, Y, (1988). Hydrochemical characterization of brines and identification of brine contamination in aquifers. Groundwater, 26, 317-324. Oberts, G.L. Pollutants Associated with Sand and Salt Applied to Roads in Minnesota. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1986, pp. 479-483. Ohlendorf-Moffat, P. (1991). Why road salt gives nature the shivers. Chatelaine, 64(3), 34. Oliver, B.C., Milne, J.B., and La Barre, N., 1974, Chloride and Lead in Urban Snow: Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, v. 46, no. 4, p. 766-771. Olson, A.C., Ohno, T., 1989, Determination of Free Cyanide Levels in Surface and Groundwaters Affected by Highway Salt Storage Facilities in Maine: Proceedings of the FOCUS Conference on Eastern Regional Groundwater Issues, October 17-19, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, p. 63-77. Ostendorf, D.W., T.A. Palaia, and C.A. Zutell. CMA Degradation and Trace Metals in Roadside Soils. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, FHWA Project NETC 302, 1993, 85 p. Ostendorf, D.W., Pollock, S.J., De Cheke, M.E., and Palaia, T.A., Aerobic Degradation of Calcium Magnesium Acetate in Roadside Soils: Field Simulations from Soil Microcosms: Journal of Environmnatal Quality, v. 22, no. 2, p. 299-304. Paul, R., Rocher, M., and Impens, R., 1987, Influence of winter deicing with CaCl2 on Sorbus, Acer, Tilia and Platanus: The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 59, p. 277-282. Patenaude, Robert, 1979, Investigation of Road Salt Content of Soil, Water and vegitation adjacent to highways in Wisconsin: Progress report III, Wisconsin Department of Transportation. Patenaude, R., 1979, Investigation of road salt content of soil, water, and vegitation adjacent to highways in Wisconsin: Progress report III, Wisconsin Department of Transportation. Peters, N.E. and Turk, J.T., 1981. Increases in Sodium and Chloride in the Mohawk River, New York, From the 1950's to the 1970's Attributed to Road Salt. Water Resources Bulletin. V. 17, no. 4, p. 586-598 Pilon P.E. and Howard K.W.F., 1987. Contamination of subsurface waters by road de-icing salts. Water Pollution Res. J. Can. vol 22 pp. 157-171. Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, 1986, The Road Salt Management Handbook: Introducing a Reliable Strategy to Safeguard People and Water Resources,Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, Springfield, Massachusetts 46p. Pollock, S.J., 1984, Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing salt contamination of groundwater, Route 25 from Wareham to the Cape Cod Canal, Massachusetts. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4166, 22 pp. Pollock, S.J., 1988, Highway deicing salt Contamination Problems and Solutions in Massachusetts, in Proceedings of the Focus Conference on Eastern Regional Groundwater Issues, p.353-370. Pollock, S.J., 1990, Mitigating highway deicing salt contamination of private water supplies in Massachusetts, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing- Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 157-169. Pollock, S.J. 1992, Remediating Highway deicing salt contamination of public and private watersupplies in Massachusetts, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, V. 7, pp. 7-24. Pollock, S.J., and Stevens, L.C., 1985, Effectiveness of Highway Drainage Systems in Preventing Salt Contamination of Groundwater Proceedings of the Fifth National Symposium and Exposition on Aquifer Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring May 21-24, 1985, p 709-733. Pollock S.J., and Toler L.G.,1973, Effects of highway de-icing on groundwater and water supplies in Massachusetts: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 17-22. Priebe, L.V. (1990). Deicing salt compatibility with vegetation. Public Works. 121, 48-49. Qualls, J., 1990, Salt's use as a deicer, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing- Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 173-174. Rabideau, A. J., Weber, A. S. and Matsumoto, M. R., 1987, Impact of Calcium Magnesium Acetate Road De-icer on POTW Operation. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE) JWRMD5 Vol. 113 no. 2 pp. 311-315. Regenmorter, W.V., 1990, Winter highway maintenance: A legislative perspective, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing-Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 7-8. Rich, A.E., 1973, Some Effects of De-icing Chemicals on Roadside Trees: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 14-16. Rich, P.H., and Murray, T.E. (1990). Deicing salts in an urban drinage basin. International Vereinigung guer Theoretische and Angewandte Limnology, 24(1), pp. 162-165. Richardson D.L., et. al, 1974, Manual for Deicing Chemicals: Application Practices, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-670/2-74-045, 151p. Richardson D.L., et. al, 1974, Manual for deicing Chemicals: Storage and Handling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-670/2-74-033, 87p. Robertson, W.D., Blowes, D.W., 1995, Major Ion and Trace Metal Geochemistry of an Acidic Sepic-System Plume in Silt: Groundwater, Vol. 33, No. 2, P. 275-283. Rosenberry, D.O., Bukaveckas, P.A., Buso, D.C., Likens, G.E., Shapiiro, A.M., and Winter, T.C., (in Press) Movement of Road Salt to a Small New Hampshire Lake, Journal of Water Air and Soil Pollution Rumer, R.R., Apmann, R.P., and Chien, C., 1973, Runoff of Deicing salt in Buffalo, New York: in Proceedings of Forth Symp. on Salt. v. 1, The Northern Ohio Geological Society, p.407-411. Rumer, R.R., Meredith, D.D., and Chien, C., 1974, Chloride buildup and control in lake Erie: in Proceedings of 17th Confrence on Great Lakes Research, International Association for Great Lakes Research. Runge, Igor, R.M. Wright, D.W. Urish. Modeling Sodium and Chloride in Surface Streams During Base Flows. Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 3, 1989, pp. 608-619. Runnels, R.T., A.C. Reed, and J.A. Schleicher. Minor Elements in Kansas Salt. State Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin 96, Part 4, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kansas, 1952, 200 p. Runnels, R.T., A.C. Reed, and J.A. Schleicher. Minor Elements in Kansas Salt. State Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin 96, Part 4, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kansas, 1952, 200 p. Rutter, A. J. and Thompson, J. R., (1986), Salinity of Motorway Soils. III. Simulation of the effects of salt usage and rainfall on sodium and chloride concentrations in the soil of centeral reserves J. of Applied Ecology, Vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 281-297. Salt Institute, Deicing Salt and Our Environment, The Salt Institute, Alexandria, VA, 25p. Salt Institute, 1982, The Snowfighters handbook, The Salt Institute, Alexandria, VA, 18 pp. Sass, B.H., 1992, A Numerical Model for Prediction of Road Temperature and Ice: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 31, no. 10, p.1499-1506. Schincariol, R.A., and Schwartz, F.W., 1990, An Experimental Investigation of Variable Density Flow and Mixing in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Media: Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 10, p. 2317-2329. Scott, A.E., Davison, A.W., 1985, The Distrabution and Ecology of Coastal Species on Roadsides: Vegetatio, v. 62, p. 433-440. Scott, A.E., and Davison, A.W., 1982, De-icing Salt and the Invasion of Road Verges by Maritime Plants: Watsonia, v. 14, p. 41-52. Scott, W.S., 1976, The Effect of Road Deicing Salts on Sodium Concentration in Urban Water Course: Environmental Pollution, v.10, p. 141-153. Scott, W.S. 1979. Road deicing salts in an urban stream and flood control reservoir. Water Resources Bulletin, 15(6), 1733-1742. Scott, W.S. 1981. An analysis of factors influencing deicing salt levels in streams. Journal of Environmental Management, 13(3), 269-287. Scott, W.S., 1980. Road Salt Movement into Two Toronto Streams. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division. V. 106, no. EE3, p. 547-560 Scott, W.S., 1980, Occurance of Salt and Lead in Snow Dump Sites: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, v. 13, p. 187-195. Scott, W.S., and Wylie, N.P., 1980, The Environmental effects of snow dumping: a literature review: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 10, p. 219-240. Schenk, R.U., 1986, Ice-melting characteristics of calcium magneseum acetate: Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA-RD-86/005. Shanley, J.B., 1994, Effects of Ion Exchange on Stream Solute Fluxes in a basin receiving Highway Deicing Salts: Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 23, September-October, pp. 977-986. Sheel, D. (1985). Road salt contaminates well, causes health hazard. Journal of Environmental Health, 47 (4), 202-203. Sheftick, D.E., 1991, Verglimit deicing chemical asphalt additive, SR 309- 02M, Lehigh County: Federal Highway Administration, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Construction Report FHWA/PA-041+83-39, 53 p. Sigg, L., W. Stumm, and Behra. Chimie des Milieux Aquatiques: Chimie des Eaux Natuells et des Interfaces dans l'Environment. 2nd ed. Masson, Paris, 1994, 376 p. ***good discussion on chloride complexation of metals with lab results. Skartveit, A., and Gjessing, Y.T., 1979, Chemical Budgets and Chemical Quality of Snow and Runoff During Spring Snowmelt: Nordic Hydrology, v. 10, no. 2/3, p. 141-154. Snow, M.S., J.S. Kahl, S.A. Norton, and C. Olson. Geochemical Determination of Salinity Sources in Groundwater Wells in Maine. In Proceedings of the Focus Conference on Eastern Regional Ground Water Issues, Groundwater Management No. 3, 1990, pp. 313-327. Sorensen, D.L., Mortenson, V., Zollinger, R.L., 1996, A Review and Synthesis of the Impacts of Road Salting on Water Quality: Utah Department of Transportation Final Report UT-95.08, 88 p. Strong, F.C., 1944, A Study of Calcium Chloride Injury to Roadside Trees: Michigan Agriculture Experiment Station Quarterly Bulletin, v. 27 Tenbroeck, D., 1990, Snow removal/ice control operations, in Goldman, C.R., and Malyj, G.J., (eds.) The environmental impact of highway deicing- Proceedings of a symposium held October 13, 1989 at the University of California, Davis Campus: Institute of Ecology, no. 33, p. 175-178. Thomas, L.K., Jr., 1965, A Quanitative Microchemical Method for Determining Sodium Chloride Injury to Plants: Scientific Report no. 4, National Park Service. Thomas, L.K., Jr., 1965, Notes on Winter Road Salting (Sodium Chloride) and Vegitation: Scientific Report no. 3, National Park Service. Thomas, L.K., Jr., 1965, Winter Rock Salt Injury to Turf: Scientific Report no. 5, National Park Service. Thompson, J. R., Rutter, A. J. and Ridout, P. S. (1986) Salinity of Motorway Soils. I. Variation in time and between regions in the salinity of soils on centeral reserves. J. of Applied Ecology, Vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 251-267. Thompson, J. R., Rutter, A. J. and Ridout, P. S. (1986) Salinity of Motorway Soils. II. Distance from the Carriageway and Other Sources of Local Variation in Salinity. J. of Applied Ecology, Vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 269-280. Toler L.G., and Pollock S.J., 1974, Retention of chloride in the unsaturated zone: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 2, no. 1. p. 119-123. Transportation Research Board, 1991, Highway Deicing: Comparing Salt and Calcium Magnesium Acetate, Special Report 235, 170p. Trost, S.E., Heng, F.J., and Cussler, E.L., 1988, Chemistry of Deicing Roads - Penetrating the Ice: Minnesota Department of Transportation UM-TOC-25; MN/RC-88/6, 20 p. Turner, J.L., and Farley, T.C. (1971). Effects of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen on the survival of striped bass eggs and larvae. California Fish and Game, 62(2),106-118. Tuthill, R.W., and Calabrese, E.J., 1981, Drinking water sodium and blood pressure in children: a second look. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 71, No. 7., pp. 722-729 Sharp, R.W., 1971, Road Salt as a Polluting Element: Proceedings of the Urban Water Quality Workshop, Syracuse, NY, May 6, p. 70-73. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, Stormwater BMP: Highway ice and snow removal and minimization of associated environmental effects from these procedures, in Municipal wastewater management fact sheets - Storm water best management practices: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OWM Municipal Technology Branch, 9 p. Upson, J.E., 1966. Relationships of Fresh and Salty Groundwater in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 550-C, p. C235-243 Urish, D.W., and Kelly, W.E., 1981, A Study of the Effects of Salt Storage Practices on Surface and Groundwater Quality in Rhode Island, Department of Transportation, Report No. FHWA-RI-RD-80-01, 54p. van de Voorde, H., Nijs, M., and P.J. van Duck, 1973, Effects of Road Salt in Winter: Environmental Pollution, p. 213-218. Vincent, M., 1988, A Road Salt Management Strategy for the Scituate Reservoir Watershed: Division of Planning, R.I. Department of Adminstration, Report No. 63, 50p. Vitaliano, D.F. (1992) Infrastructure Cost of Road Salting. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Vol. 7 no. 1-3, pp. 171-180. Walker, W.H., 1970, Salt Piling--A Source of Water Supply Pollution: Pollution Engineering, v. 2, no. 3, 5 p. Walker, W.H., 1973, Road Salt Use and the Environment: Highway Research Record, Highway Research Board, National Academy of Engineering, no. 425, p. 67-75. Wester, H.V., and Cohen, E.E., 1968, Salt Damage To Vegitation in the Washington, D.C. Area Durring the 1966-1967 Winter: Plant Disease Reporter, v. 52. White, D.J. (compiled), 1985, Highway Salt Management Handbook for Local Goverment Officials, Cornell Cooperative Regional Office, Albany, 35p. Whitman and Howard Inc. 1971, Salt Contamination of Existing Well Supplies, Burlington MA, Whittemore, D.O., 1982, Identification of saltwater sources affecting groundwater in the Blood Orchad area, Sedgwick County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Open File Report no. 82-9, 16p. Whittemore, D.O., 1984, Geochemical identification of salinity sources, in Fench, R.H., ed, Salinity in watercources and reservoirs: Stoneham, Massachusetts, Ann Arbor Science, Butterworth Publishers, P. 505-514. Whittemore, D.O., 1988, Bromide as a tracer in groundwater studies: Geochemistry and analytical determination in Groundwater Geochemistry Conference, Denver Company Proceedings: Dublin Ohio. National Water Well Association p. 339-360. Wicklander, Lambert, 1975. The role of neutral salts in the ion exchange between acid precipitation and soil. Geoderma, v. 14, pp 93-105. Wilcox, D.A., 1986, The Effects of Deicing Salts on Water Chemistry in Pinhook Bog, Indiana: Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 1, p.57-65. Wright, R.F., Norton S.A., Brakke D.F., Frogner, T., 1988, Experimental verification of episodic acidification of freshwaters by sea salts:Nature, v. 334 pp. 422-424 Wulkowicz, G.M. and Saleem, Z.A., 1974, Chloride Balance of an Urban Basin in the Chicago Area: Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 5, p. 974-982. Zenewitz, J.A., 1977, Survey of Alternatives to the Use of Chlorides for Highway Deicing: Federal Highway Administration Final Report FHWA-RD-77-52, 25 p. Zirino, A., and Yamamoto, S., 1972, A pH-Dependent Model for the Chemical Speciation of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead in Seawater: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 17, no. 5, p. 661-671.